Divide and conquer: imperial rules for the 21 st century
By Conn Hallinan
Global Beat Syndicate
SANTA CRUZ, Calif.--Investigative journalist Seymour Hersh's recent revelations that Israel is encouraging Kurdish separatism in Iraq, Iran and Syria should ring a bell for anyone who has followed the long history of British imperial activity.
It is no surprise that the Israel would use "divide and conquer" tactics, the cornerstone policy of the British Empire when is dominated virtually every continent on earth save South America. The Jewish population of British-controlled Palestine was, after all, victim to exactly the same kind of ethnic manipulation that the Sharon government is now attempting in Northern Iraq.
Following the absorption of the Ottoman Empire after World War I, the British set about shoring up their rule by using the tried and true strategy of pitting ethnic group against ethnic group, tribe against tribe and religion against religion. When British Foreign Secretary Arthur James Balfour issued his famous 1917 Declaration guaranteeing a "homeland" for the Jewish people in Palestine, he was less concerned with righting a two-thousand-year-old wrong than creating divisions that would serve growing British interests in the Middle East.
Sir Ronald Storrs, the first governor of Jerusalem, certainly had no illusions about what a "Jewish homeland" in Palestine meant for the British empire: "It will form for England a little loyal Jewish Ulster in a sea of potentially hostile Arabism."
Storrs' analogy was no accident. Ireland was where the English first used the tactic of divide and conquer, and where the devastating effectiveness of using foreign settlers to drive a wedge between the colonial rulers and the colonized made it a template for worldwide imperial rule.
Ariel Sharon and former Prime Minister Menachem Begin normally take credit for creating the "facts on the ground" policies that have poured more than 420,000 settlers into the Occupied Territories. But they were simply copying Charles I, the English king, who in 1609 forcibly removed the O'Neill and O'Donnell clans from the north of Ireland, moved in 20,000 English and Scottish Protestants, and founded the Plantation of Ulster.
Protestants were awarded the "Ulster privilege," which gave them special access to land and lower rents, and also served to divide them from the native Catholics. The Ulster Privilege is not dissimilar to the "privilege" Israeli settlers enjoy in the Territories today, where their mortgages are cheap, their taxes lower and their education subsidized.
Prior to the Ulster experiment, the English had tried any number of schemes to tame the restive Irish and build a wall between conqueror and conquered. All had failed. Then the English hit upon the idea of using ethnicity, religion and privilege to construct a society with built-in divisions.
It worked like a charm.
Once the English began using ethnic and religious differences to divide a population, the conquest of Ireland became a reality. Over the next 250 years, that formula was used in India, Africa and the Middle East.
"Divide and conquer" made it possible for an insignificant island in the north of Europe to rule the world. Division and chaos, tribal, religious and ethnic hatred, were the secret to empire.
It would appear the Israeli government has paid close attention to British colonial policy; Israel's policies in the Occupied Territories bear a distressing resemblance to British policies in Ireland.
As those policies impoverished the Irish, so do Israeli policies impoverish the Palestinians. According to UN statistics, unemployment in the West Bank and Gaza is over 50 percent, and Palestinians are among the poorest people on the planet.
Divide and conquer was 19 th and early 20 th century colonialism's single most successful tactic of domination. It was also a disaster, and one that still echoes in civil wars and regional tensions across the globe.
In the end, not even the Israelis benefit. Empires profit only a few, and always at the expense of the majority. While the Sharon government spends $1.4 billion a year holding on to the territories, 27 percent of Israeli children are officially designated "poor," social services have been cut, and the economy is in shambles.
The Israelis would do well to
remember Irish poet Patrick Pearse's eulogy over the grave of the old
Fenian revolutionary, Jeremian O'Donovan: "I say to my people's
masters, beware. Beware of the thing that is coming. Beware of the
risen people who shall take what yea would not give."
ABOUT THE WRITER
Conn Hallinan is a foreign policy analyst for Foreign Policy in Focus
and a lecturer in journalism at the University of California, Santa
Cruz.